Sub-1-Bit LLM Compression via Latent Factorization

The LittleBit Project Sub-1-Bit LLM Compression via Latent Factorization Official implementation of LittleBit (NeurIPS 2025) and LittleBit-2 (ICML 2026). Papers LittleBit-2: Maximizing the Spectral Energy Gain in Sub-1-Bit LLMs via Latent Geometry Alignment (ICML 2026) Banseok Lee, Youngmin Kim LittleBit: Ultra Low-Bit Quantization via Latent Factorization (NeurIPS 2025) Banseok Lee*, Dongkyu Kim*, Youngcheon You, Youngmin Kim Abstract LittleBit compresses large language models into the sub-1-bit regime by factorizing each dense weight matrix into low-rank latent factors, binarizing those factors, and restoring magnitude information through lightweight learned scales. This enables extreme compression, including the 0.1 bits-per-weight setting, while preserving the original model architecture at inference time. LittleBit-2 improves this recipe by addressing latent geometry misalignment in the initialization stage. It applies Internal Latent Rotation with Joint Iterative Quantization (Joint-ITQ), aligning the SVD-derived latent factors with the binary hypercube before QAT. LittleBit-2 initialization is available as an opt-in (--use_itq) and produces no additional inference overhead. Highlights Sub-1-bit compression: Designed for 1.0 to 0.1 bits per weight. LittleBit-2 opt-in: Enable Joint-ITQ initialization with --use_itq for improved latent geometry alignment. No inference-time change: LittleBit-2 modifies initialization only; the deployed factorized layer remains the same. QAT-friendly: Supports Quantization-Aware Training with SmoothSign and optional residual factorization. Supported Models The codebase currently supports: OPT Llama and Llama 2/3 Phi-4 Qwen2.5 and QwQ Gemma 2 and Gemma 3 Qwen3 Installation We recommend Python 3.12. conda create -n littlebit python=3.12 conda activate littlebit # Install CUDA toolkit. Adjust the CUDA version if needed. conda install nvidia/label/cuda-12.4.1::cuda-toolkit -c nvidia/label/cuda-12.4.1 # Install PyTorch. pip install torch==2.8.0+cu124 torchvision==0.23.0+cu124 torchaudio==2.8.0+cu124 --index-url https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cu124 # Install dependencies. pip install -r requirements.txt Important For reproducing the paper results, use transformers 4.51.x. Newer transformers releases may change model internals or evaluation behavior. pip install "transformers==4.51.*" Usage Training Train a model with Quantization-Aware Training. By default, LittleBitLinear uses the original SVD-only initialization. To enable LittleBit-2 (Joint-ITQ), pass --use_itq True. Single GPU CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0 python -m main \ --model_id meta-llama/Llama-2-7b-hf \ --dataset c4_wiki \ --save_dir ./outputs/Llama-2-7b-LittleBit-2 \ --num_train_epochs 5.0 \ --per_device_train_batch_size 4 \ --lr 4e-05 \ --warmup_ratio 0.02 \ --report wandb \ --quant_func SmoothSign \ --quant_mod LittleBitLinear \ --residual True \ --eff_bit 1.0 \ --kv_factor 1.0 \ --min_split_dim 8 \ --l2l_loss_scale 10.0 # Opt-in to LittleBit-2 initialization # --use_itq True Multi-GPU with DeepSpeed deepspeed --num_gpus=4 main.py \ --model_id meta-llama/Llama-2-7b-hf \ --dataset c4_wiki \ --save_dir ./outputs/Llama-2-7b-LittleBit-2 \ --ds_config_path configs/zero3.json \ --num_train_epochs 5.0 \ --per_device_train_batch_size 4 \ --lr 4e-05 \ --report wandb \ --quant_func SmoothSign \ --quant_mod LittleBitLinear \ --residual True \ --eff_bit 1.0 \ --kv_factor 1.0 \ --min_split_dim 8 Evaluation Evaluate a local checkpoint or a model hosted on the Hugging Face Hub. # From a local directory CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0 python eval.py \ --model_id ./outputs/Llama-2-7b-LittleBit-2 \ --seqlen 2048 \ --ppl_task wikitext2,c4 \ --zeroshot_task boolq,piqa,hellaswag,winogrande,arc_easy,arc_challenge,openbookqa # From the Hugging Face Hub CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0 python eval.py \ --model_id username/littlebit-llama-7b-0.1bpw \ --seqlen 2048 \ --ppl_task wikitext2 Legacy Checkpoints Older checkpoints may not include littlebit_config.json. In that case, pass the quantization arguments explicitly: CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0 python eval.py \ --model_id ./outputs/Legacy-Llama-2-7b \ --quant_func SmoothSign \ --quant_mod LittleBitLinear \ --split_dim 1024 Parameter loading priority: Explicit CLI arguments littlebit_config.json in the model directory config.json fallback for older checkpoints Citation If you find this work useful, please cite: @inproceedings{lee2026littlebit2, title={LittleBit-2: Maximizing the Spectral Energy Gain in Sub-1-Bit LLMs via Latent Geometry Alignment}, author={Lee, Banseok and Kim, Youngmin}, booktitle={Proceedings of the 43rd International Conference on Machine Learning}, year={2026} } @inproceedings{lee2025littlebit, title={LittleBit: Ultra Low-Bit Quantization via Latent Factorization}, author={Lee, Banseok and Kim, Dongkyu and You, Youngcheon and Kim, Youngmin}, booktitle={Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems}, year={2025} } License This project is licensed under the CC BY-NC 4.0 license.