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ECG-SDI: Single-lead Electrocardiogram Enables Continuous Sleep Depth Index Profiling and Scalable Digital Biomarkers for Sleep Health

arXiv机器学习 2026-10-17 00:43 3 阅读 查看原文
1. Analyze the Request: * Role: Professional news layout engineer. * Task: Convert plain text news article into a semantic HTML fragment. * Rules: 1. Only output the HTML fragment itself (no Markdown fences, no explanations). 2. Use `

` for paragraphs, `

`/`

` for sub-sections in long text. 3. Lists use `
  • `, quotes use `
    `, code uses `
    `, important sentences use ``.
            4. Keep all original information, no additions/de removals.
            5. No ``, ``, `` tags.
        *   Input Text: A research abstract about ECG-SDI for sleep depth profiling.
    
    2.  Analyze the Input Text:
        "Conventional sleep staging provides a coarse-grained representation that obscures within-stage depth variation. We developed ECG-SDI, a single-lead electrocardiography (ECG) framework for continuous sleep-depth profiling and digital biomarker extraction. Using 12,392 overnight polysomnographic recordings, we trained and validated a two-stage deep learning model supervised by conventional sleep-stage labels. Correlations with ordered stages excluding rapid eye movement (REM) sleep were 0.828 in the pooled internal test set and 0.848 in the external Cleveland Family Study; corresponding REM classification AUROCs were 0.954 and 0.977. Overnight trajectories captured within-stage variation. Biomarker-based phenotyping identified a disturbed subtype associated with poorer subjective sleep quality and higher all-cause mortality in the Sleep Heart Health Study (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.05-1.38). Among 507 participants with paired recordings before and after continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), normalized sleep-depth area increased by 6.1% and shallow-sleep burden below 0.3 decreased by 16.0%. Exploratory analyses linked reductions in approximate entropy and depth variability to reduced oxygen desations and increased sleep efficiency, respectively (Speman rho = 0.24 and 0.12); both associations remained positive after covariate adjustment. Mean ECG-SDI within N2 increased by 0.017 (95% CI, 0.004-0.030). A wearable proof of concept illustrated the acquisition-to-report workflow. These findings support ECG-based sleep phenotyping and further evaluation of CPAP response monitoring at home."
    
    3.  Determine Structure & Semantics:
        *   The text is a single paragraph currently, but it contains several distinct logical sections (Method, Results/Validation, Clinical Application/Phenotyping, CPAP Response, Conclusion). To make it "semanticized" and use headings (`

    `/`

    `), I should break it into logical subsections. * *Paragraph 1 (Introduction):* Conventional sleep staging provides a coarse-grained representation that obscures within-stage depth variation. We developed ECG-SDI, a single-lead electrocardiography (ECG) framework for continuous sleep-depth profiling and digital biomarker extraction. * *Subsection 2 (Methodology):* Using 12,392 overnight polysomnographic recordings, we trained and validated a two-stage deep learning model supervised by conventional sleep-stage labels. * *Subsection 3 (Validation):* Correlations with ordered stages excluding rapid eye movement (REM) sleep were 0.828 in the pooled internal test set and 0.848 in the external Cleveland Family Study; corresponding REM classification AUROCs were 0.954 and 0.977. Overnight trajectories captured within-stage variation. * *Subsection 4 (Clinical Phenotyping):* Biomarker-based phenotyping identified a disturbed subtype associated with poorer subjective sleep quality and higher all-cause mortality in the Sleep Heart Health Study (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.05-1.38). * *Subsection 5 (CPAP Response):* Among 507 participants with paired recordings before and after continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), normalized sleep-depth area increased by 6.1% and shallow-sleep burden below 0.3 decreased by 16.0%. * *Subsection 6 (Exploratory Analyses):* Exploratory analyses linked reductions in approximate entropy and depth variability to reduced oxygen desaturation and increased sleep efficiency, respectively (Speman rho = 0.24 and 0.12); both associations remained positive after covariate adjustment. Mean ECG-SDI within N2 increased by 0.017 (95% CI, 0.004-0.030). * *Subsection 7 (Conclusion):* A wearable proof of concept illustrated the acquisition-to-report workflow. These findings support ECG-based sleep phenotyping and further evaluation of CPAP response monitoring at home. Let's refine the headings to be natural news subheadings: *

    Introduction

    *

    Model Development and Validation

    (or

    Model Development

    ,

    Validation Metrics

    ) -> Let's use

    Model Development and Validation

    containing

    and maybe for key stats. *

    Clinical Phenotyping

    *

    CPAP Response Analysis

    *

    Exploratory Analyses

    *

    Conclusion

    Wait, the prompt says "长文用

    /

    划分小节". Let's structure it like an academic news article or summary. Title: (Wait, no `//`, but can I have `

    `? The prompt doesn't forbid `

    `, but usually news articles have a title. However, the input text doesn't have a title explicitly separated. I will just use `

    ` for the main sections and `

    ` for paragraphs.) Let's draft the structure:

    Conventional sleep staging provides a coarse-grained representation that obscures within-stage depth variation. We developed ECG-SDI, a single-lead electrocardiography (ECG) framework for continuous sleep-depth profiling and digital biomarker extraction.

    Methodology

    Using 12,392 overnight polysomnographic recordings, we trained and validated a two-stage deep learning model supervised by conventional sleep-stage labels.

    Validation Results

    Correlations with ordered stages excluding rapid eye movement (REM) sleep were 0.828 in the pooled internal test set and 0.848 in the external Cleveland Family Study; corresponding REM classification AUROCs were 0.954 and 0.977. Overnight trajectories captured within-stage variation.

    Clinical Phenotyping

    Biomarker-based phenotyping identified a disturbed subtype associated with poorer subjective sleep quality and higher all-cause mortality in the Sleep Heart Health Study (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.05-1.38).

    CPAP Response Monitoring

    Among 507 participants with paired recordings before and after continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), normalized sleep-depth area increased by 6.1% and shallow-sleep burden below 0.3 decreased by 16.0%.

    Exploratory Analysies

    Exploratory analyses linked reductions in approximate entropy and depth variability to reduced oxygen desaturation and increased sleep efficiency, respectively (Speman rho = 0.24 and 0.12); both associations remained positive after covariate adjustment. Mean ECG-SDI within N2 increased by 0.017 (95% CI, 0.004-0.030).

    Conclusion

    A wearable proof of concept illustrated the acquisition-to-report workflow. These findings support ECG-based sleep phenotyping and further evaluation of CPAP