Enterprise customer-support agents increasingly rely on Large Language Models (LLMs) to execute bounded, tool-using workflows.
We study this problem through the lens of Skill LLMs: specialized executors that operate within a selected skill context and must complete a narrow, stateful workflow under policy and tool constraints.
Methodology
We present a benchmark construction pipeline that mines recurrent workflows from real-world transcripts, converts them into structured skill descriptions, maps them to tool requirements, simulates environment state with Model Context Protocol (MCP)-compatible mocks, and generates multi-turn tool-using dialogues.
Evaluation
Using this benchmark, we conduct a large-scale zero-shot evaluation of 17 language models spanning closed model families and deployment-oriented open-weight models from 1.7B to 14B parameters, each judged independently by five strong LLM judges, plus a deterministic rule-based evaluator that checks tool coverage, hallucinated tool use, and unsupported claims.
We find a consistent ranking in which GPT-5.4 leads by a wide margin and QWEN3.5-9B is the strongest open-weight model (below 20B), outperforming several closed baselines under every judge.
We also find that judge choice is not a negligible methodological detail: pairwise judge agreement on the pass/fail verdict averages Kappa=0.524 across 10 judge pairs.
Conclusion
These results suggest that comprehensive zero-shot evaluation of skill execution requires judge reliability as carefully as model capability.