Future 6G networks aim to expose sensing as a native service by reusing communication infrastructure.
We study respiration sensing on a cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) base station, where a 64-antenna channel must be fused into a breathing waveform.
Challenges and Solutions
The state-of-the-art hand-crafted fusion is near-optimal in benign conditions. It collapses, however, under strong in-band motion interference, whose frequency falls inside the respiration band.
We show that a learned complex-weight beamformer recovers respiration by spatial nulling, and that the remaining gap to a per-recording oracle can be closed at deployment by label-free test-time adaptation.
Crucially, we identify which label-free signal makes this work. Frequency- and variance-based criteria cannot separate an in-band interferer from breathing.
Adaptive Techniques
Our spatial-redundancy test-time adaptation (SR-TTA), which maximizes consistency across random antenna subsets under an out-of-band spectral veto, preserves benign performance in our tests.
The respiration-rate error drops from 5.8 to 0.8 breaths per minute (bpm) under simulated in-band interference, and the pipeline maps onto the Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) architecture as O-RAN distributed-unit (O-DU) range-gating, an adaptation xApp, and a calibration rApp.
Real-World Application
On real testbed recordings, a one-time cross-subject calibration plus SR-TTA reduces failures from 47% to 7%, drawing level with the hand-crafted combiner using label-free test-time adaptation.