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Do Language Models Need a Trainable Input Embedding Table? Fixed Minimal Token Codes at 1.7B-Class Scale

arXiv自然语言 2026-10-03 04:06 5 阅读 查看原文

A trainable input embedding table assigns each vocabulary item an independently adjustable vector.

We investigate whether this token-specific parameterization is required for substantial language-modeling capability, or whether a shared Transformer can learn from fixed token identities.

We compare three decoder-only language models trained from scratch with the same tokenizer, contextual backbone, untied output-head architecture, and training recipe, with a target budget of 100 billion prediction tokens per model.

Their input interfaces are a learned table, canonical 16-bit token-ID codes, and one fixed invertible recoding over GF(2).

The fixed codes are repeated to model width without an additional trainable input projection.

Both fixed-code models acquire substantial capabilities: canonical codes achieve 52.40\% HellaSwag normalized accuracy, 70.51\% PIQA accuracy, and 42.75\% LAMBADA accuracy.

The learned-input control performs better on several evaluations, including HellaSwag and LAMBADA, so these results establish viability rather than performance parity.

The fixed interfaces remove 100.7 million trainable parameters, yielding 1.711B-parameter models, but parameter reduction is not the central result.

These single-run experiments distinguish architectural necessity from empirical utility: independently trainable token-specific input vectors are not required for the observed capabilities.

A fixed identity interface also provides a controlled setting for studying representation learning downstream of an immutable input, without establishing where particular capabilities are localized.